Author: Gaurav Gupta

User-defined class used

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class Rectangle {
	public int width, height;
	public Rectangle(int w, int h) {
		width = w;
		height = h;
	}
	
	public String toString() {
		return width + " by " + height;
	}
}

Enhanced for loop

Until now, we’ve use the classic counter-based loop to traverse through arrays and lists (for int i=0; ...).

But when you don’t really need the index and just want to use a construct where it says,

“For every item (current) in the collection, use current for something”

This kind of traversal is provided by the enhanced for loop.

Syntax

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for(type current: array/list) {
	use current
}

Example with built-in class

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
list.add(10);
list.add(70);
list.add(20);
list.add(90);

int total = 0;
for(Integer item: list) {
	total = total + item;
}

In this example, a reference copy of the current item is made into item, which is then used.

Example with user-defined class

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ArrayList<Rectangle> list = new ArrayList<Rectangle>();
list.add(new Rectangle(1, 3));
list.add(new Rectangle(7, 4));
list.add(new Rectangle(2, 8));
list.add(new Rectangle(9, 6));

for(Rectangle r: list) {
	System.out.println(r);
}

In this example, a reference copy of the current item is made into r, which is then used.

When should one use the enhanced for loop?

Enhanced for loops are used when you don’t need the index for anything besides accessing the item at that index.

Examples of when enhanced for loop should be used

• Finding the sum of all items in array/list
• Finding the sum of all items (that optionally satisfy some condition(s)) in array/list
• Finding the highest/smallest item in an array/list

Examples when it’s better (IMO) to use a counter-based loop

• Checking if array/list is sorted (because you need to compare an item with the item after it, so you need to access items at index i and i+1).
• Finding the location of the highest/smallest item in an array/list.
• Finding if an array/list contains any duplicates.
• Sorting an array/list.
• Performing binary search over a sorted array/list.

Problem with enhanced for loop

You can update the instance variables of items of a list in an enhance for loop but not re-reference them. Similarly, you cannot add or remove items in a list in an enhanced for loop.

For example, assuming the the same Rectangle class definition, we can increase the width of all items in an ArrayList named rectangles of Rectangle objects, using:

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for(Rectangle r: rectangles) {
	r.width++;
}

However, we cannot re-reference the items of the list as,

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//Compiles, but DOES NOT achieve desired result
for(Rectangle r: rectangles) {
	r = new Rectangle(10, 20);
}

This is because r is a reference copy of the current item and what we are re-referencing is that reference copy, and not the reference that is in the list.

Also, we cannot add or remove items.

Trying to add items:

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//throws ConcurrentModificationException
for(Rectangle r: rectangles) {
	if(r.height < 20) {
		int idx =	rectangles.indexOf(r);
		rectangles.add(idx, new Rectangle(2, 5));
	}
}

Trying to remove items:

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//throws ConcurrentModificationException
for(Rectangle r: rectangles) {
	if(r.width < 10) {
		rectangles.remove(r);
	}
}

Hence, we look at iterators.

Iterator

There is a powerful and consistent way to traverse almost all data structures in Java - Iterator, and the class that implements the Iterator interface for lists is ListIterator.

A class that implements Iterator interface can add other methods too. ListIterator is one such class.

Following are the instance methods in ListIterator class:

The advantages of using an iterator are,

1. It’s consistent across any class that implements the Iterator interface.
2. It’s intuitive as in “while the collection has another item, access it”.
3. Ability to modify the contents of the list while traversing it (unlike an enhanced for loop).
   1. Provision for forEachRemaining (not covered in this unit).

Creating and using a ListIterator on a List object

A ListIterator iter is created on a List object list as:

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ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator();

Assuming the list is [10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80], the initial state of iter is represented by the red block.

You can check if there is an item in front of the current position of the iterator as:

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boolean itemExists = iter.hasNext();

Once you check an item exists, you can access it as:

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Object item = iter.next();

This (accessing an item) results in the iterator moving forward by one.

Complete example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
  System.out.print(iter.next()+" ");
}
//displays 10 70 20 90 30 80

Initial state

After first iteration

After second iteration

After third iteration

After fourth iteration

After fifth iteration

After sixth iteration

Starting from a specific index

You can pass the index of the item BEFORE which you want the iterator to be placed.

Assuming ArrayList list holds the values [10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80], the following code will display 30 80.

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ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(4);
while(iter.hasNext()) {
	System.out.print(iter.next()+" ");
}

Initial state

After first iteration

After second iteration

Back to front iteration

Just like hasNext() and next(), the methods hasPrevious() and previous() also exist.

You can traverse a list from back to front as:

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ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
	System.out.print(iter.previous()+" ");
}

Assuming ArrayList list holds the values [10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80], the following code will display 80, 30, 90, 20, 70, 10.

Initial state

After first iteration

After second iteration

After third iteration

After fourth iteration

After fifth iteration

After sixth iteration

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ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
	System.out.print(iter.previous()+" ");
}

Adding items using iterator

After add is executed, the cursor is after the added item.

Front to back example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
  iter.add(0);
  iter.next();
}
//list is now 0, 10, 0, 70, 0, 20, 0, 90, 0, 80, 0, 30

One must be careful while using add during reverse traversal since the cursor is after the added item.

Back to front example - BUGGY

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
  iter.add(0);
  iter.previous();
}
//INFINITE LOOP

Back to front example - CORRECT

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
  iter.add(0);
  iter.previous(); //go left before the added 0
  iter.previous(); //go another left before the item already present
}
//list is now 10, 0, 70, 0, 20, 0, 90, 0, 30, 0, 80, 0

Removing items using iterator

The remove method removes from the list, the item most recently accessed using next() or previous(). Cursor remains unchanged after calling remove.

Note: a call to remove can only be made once per call to next or previous. It can be made only if add has not been called after the last call to next or previous.

Front to back example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
  if(iter.next() > 30) {
  		iter.remove();
  }
}
//list is now 10, 20, 30

Back to front example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, 20, 90, 30, 80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
  if(iter.previous() > 30) {
  		iter.remove();
  }
}
//list is now 10, 20, 30

Updating items using iterator

The set method updates the item most recently accessed using next() or previous(). Cursor remains unchanged after calling set.

Front to back example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, -20, 90, -30, -80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator();
while(iter.hasNext()) {
  if(iter.next() < 0) {
  		iter.set(0);
  }
}
//list is now 10, 70, 0, 90, 0, 0

Back to front example

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ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(10, 70, -20, 90, -30, -80));
ListIterator<Integer> iter = list.listIterator(list.size());
while(iter.hasPrevious()) {
  if(iter.previous() > 0) {
  		iter.set(0);
  }
}
//list is now 0, 0, -20, 0, -30, -80